In my mind, it is appropriate to bring it up in either context, but why wait possibly two weeks to correct this issue? I would therefore recommend you approach the senior developer right away about it.
You are right that while this behavior is a clear violation of XP principles and practices, the argument could be made that Scrum does not forbid it, I nevertheless see it as a problem in team cohesiveness and trust.
But this issue touches many more concerns. For example, it might depend on what exactly the error is. If the junior developer is failing to follow the team's coding conventions, the senior developer may only be trying to enforce that standardization. On the other hand, if the junior developer is checking in code that is actually failing, or is logically incorrect, how is that code passing the unit tests and acceptance tests that already exist? (Those tests DO already exist, right, as you've been practicing test-first development?) If the junior developer is checking in code that does not pass the tests, then again, the primary fault is his, not the senior developer's.
So there are a lot of possibilities here that need to be investigated. But in the spirit of communication that is shared across all agile methodologies, you would want to address this immediately, rather than waiting for the retrospective. The retrospective would, however, be a good venue to share with the whole tam what was happening during the iteration, and to brainstorm and agree on ways to prevent it happening in future.